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United Kingdom  

Throughout Islamic history, various cities have served as flourishing centres of learning, contributing significantly to intellectual, scientific, and cultural advancements. While the historical periods of peak intellectual activity may have passed and traditional centres of Islamic learning faced challenges and declines, efforts are ongoing to revitalize and preserve the rich intellectual heritage of these cities.

Currently, half of the world population resides in cities, with this figure projected to rise until 2050. The health and well-being of residents in cities is negatively affected by a lack of opportunities for physical activity, exposure to high levels of outdoor air pollution, and rising temperatures more acutely felt cities. Cities are also a key contributor to global warming, consuming two-thirds of the world’s energy and producing over 70% of all CO2 emissions.