The role of learning cities in meeting today’s challenges for a better future has been a dominant theme in PASCAL work on learning throughout the period 2017 to 2021. This theme has been given urgency and direction by developments during this period, especially the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, while demographic change with ageing populations, the growing impact of the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, and the pace of change, in their cumulative impact have brought this sense of a time of disruption and turbulence with the world out of control.